Section 172 · Paragraph 164. Rules for the treatment of juvenile offenders by the police

Rules governing the treatment of juvenile offenders by the police are found under the Guard and Escort Rules.
No convicted juvenile released from the Bareilly Juvenile Jail shall be escorted home by the police. Except in the case of a history sheet opened pursuant to the orders in paragraph 234 of these regulations, the police are not to deal with juvenile offenders after their release. Convicted juveniles released from other jails shall be escorted home in accordance with paragraph 336 of the Jail Manual (1941 Revised Edition).
Note
(1) Arrest without warrant - Police on patrol may apprehend a person under Section 25 of the Arms Act and seize any firearm or ammunition found in his possession.
The provisions of Section 41 do not apply to proceedings under Chapter 8.
(2) Arrest on Requisition of Another Police Officer - Section 41(j) provides for a situation where an officer may requisition another police officer to arrest a person, provided the officer is authorized to arrest a person without a warrant.
The requisition must contain a complete description of the person to be arrested and the specific offense for which the arrest is to be made.
(3) Arrest by a Private Person and Procedure for Such Arrest - A private person may arrest a person only if the person has committed a crime in his sight. Mere opinion, suspicion, or information that the person is guilty is not sufficient. Thus, where a person, upon hearing the sound of a crowd shouting for the arrest of a fleeing person with a knife, attempted to apprehend him, it was held that he had no authority to do so, as the person had not committed any offense in his sight.
A private person may arrest only if the offense is cognizable and non-bailable. An arrest made under Section 324 of the Indian Penal Code, which is a bailable offence, is considered unauthorized.
(4) Procedure when a police officer deputes his subordinate to make an arrest without a warrant - Failure to comply with this section will not be contrary to law under Section 51 of the Code of Criminal Procedure against a person against whom proceedings are pending.
If a person sought to be arrested starts to leave and is apprehended, the arrest will not be invalid simply because he was not informed of the substance of the order.
(5) No detention of an arrested person for more than 24 hours - The police cannot detain a person for more than 24 hours; this is the maximum limit.
A request for remand must be made before a magistrate, who cannot interfere with the investigation or stop the proceedings.
If the accused is taken before a magistrate and the magistrate himself comes to the police station upon request and issues an order, it does not mean that the accused has been produced before him. 6
(6) Procedure when the investigation cannot be completed within twenty-four hours: The police should send the case diary to the magistrate when remanding the accused. If the diary is not sent, it will be presumed that the diary was not written.
If the diary is not sent along with the remand application and the investigating officer does not provide any explanation, it will be a legitimate ground to doubt the integrity of the investigation. A delay of more than twenty-four hours in sending the case diary to the magistrate without any reasonable explanation makes the investigation suspect.
And in this situation, the magistrate may release the accused instead of granting remand. If the accused is kept in police custody for more than twenty-four hours, the detention, even if illegal, does not affect the magistrate's power to further detain the accused on remand. Because the police officer may be guilty of wrongful detention for the detention before the arrest, but the remand order for subsequent detention will be valid if issued by the magistrate.
(7) Remand Order for Police Custody - When granting remand for the accused in police custody, the magistrate must record the reasons for doing so. This action of the magistrate should not be mechanical but should be guided by judicial discretion. He should consult the diary and if, upon perusal, it does not appear necessary to detain the accused, or if the diary is not produced, the magistrate should release the accused. A remand order can only be granted when the accused is brought before the magistrate; a remand granted solely on the application of the police without the accused being brought before the magistrate will not be lawful. Remand should be granted only when, firstly, the case diary reveals the existence of evidence against the accused and secondly, there is a possibility that remanding the accused will lead to the collection of more evidence.
(8) Where the police have received information about the commission of an offence, a person cannot be prosecuted under this section for his inability to inform the police and the magistrate.
The duty of reporting has been established for officers appointed for rural affairs. Section 40 is divided into two sub-sections. The first sub-section deals with matters in which reporting is mandatory, while the second sub-section provides a simple interpretation of the words "every officer employed in the village." Under Section 40 of the Code of Criminal Procedure, if an officer fails to provide timely information, he commits an offense under Section 176 of the Indian Penal Code. Furthermore, if such an officer provides false or inaccurate information, he commits an offense under Section 211 of the Indian Penal Code. In the event of such omission, action will be taken against the officer under Section 176, and in the event of false information, action will be taken under Section 211 of the Indian Penal Code.
The primary purpose of the provisions contained in this section is to ensure that upon the occurrence of a specific crime or the identification of a criminal involved in such a crime, the information is immediately communicated to the nearest magistrate or police officer in charge, so that the criminal can be taken into custody without delay and the rampant rise in crime can be easily controlled.
Section 41 of the Code of Criminal Procedure, 1973 provides the following:
41. When may the police arrest without a warrant -
(1) A police officer may, without the order of a Magistrate and without a warrant, arrest any person -
(a) who has been involved in a cognizable offence or against whom a reasonable complaint has been made or credible information has been received or reasonable suspicion exists of his having been involved in such offence, or
(b) who, without lawful excuse, the burden of proving which excuse shall be on such person, has in his possession any instrument of house-breaking, or
(c) who has been proclaimed offender either under this Code or by order of the State Government, or
(d) who is found in possession of any article which may reasonably be suspected to be stolen property and who may reasonably be suspected of having committed an offence in respect of such article, or
(e) who obstructs a police officer when he is who is in the performance of his duty, or who has escaped or attempted to escape from lawful custody, or
(f) who is reasonably suspected of being a deserter from any of the Armed Forces of the Union, or
(g) who has been concerned in, or where a reasonable complaint has been made or credible information has been received or a reasonable suspicion exists of his having been so concerned, in the commission of any act in any place outside India which, if committed in India, would be punishable as an offence and for which he is liable to be apprehended or detained in custody in India under any law relating to extradition or otherwise, or
(h) who, having been released and convicted, has breached any rule made under sub-section (5) of section 356, or
(i) who has received a written or oral requisition from another police officer for any arrest, provided that the requisition contains the name of the person to be arrested. and specifying the offense or other reason for which the arrest is to be made, and showing that the person could have been lawfully arrested without a warrant by the officer issuing the requisition.
2. The officer in charge of a police station may arrest, or cause to be arrested, in the same manner, any person belonging to one or more categories of persons specified in Section 109 or Section 110.
Brief Note
Section 41 of the Code of Criminal Procedure deals with the arrest of persons. Under this section, the police are authorized to arrest persons charged with certain offenses without a magistrate's order or warrant. This section is divided into two subsections.
The first subsection lists specific offenses for which the police may arrest an offender without a magisterial inquiry or warrant.
Subsection 2 clarifies that an officer in charge of a police station may arrest or cause to be arrested any person belonging to one or more of the categories of persons specified in Section 109 or Section 110.
Unrestricted powers are granted to the police under Section 41 of the Code of Criminal Procedure, but the police or the officer in charge must exercise reasonable caution and care before exercising this power.
The Code does not clearly define who is meant by a police officer. The term "police officer" as used in this section refers to all persons who are members of the Indian Police Service or State Police Service and are included in the police force. Furthermore, all categories of police are also included within this category.
For the purposes of the term "police officer," a village watchman cannot be considered a police officer.
A food inspector can be considered a police officer within the meaning of this section.
Arrest made in violation of constitutional norms - If a police officer arrests a person in violation of constitutional norms, such police officer violates that person's fundamental rights. Similarly, where a High Court has declared the arrest of a person unconstitutional in its decision, if that person is arrested after such an order, such arrest cannot be called constitutional. Such arrest would be completely unconstitutional.
Specific grounds on which arrest is possible - The specific grounds on which police arrest is possible are set out in subsections (1) and (2) of this section. (For specific study, see subsection (1) of Section 41 and sections 109 and 110 of the Code of Criminal Procedure.)
Where a criminal is hiding in a place of worship, the police cannot enter the place of worship to arrest such person, as a matter of public policy. However, in such cases, the court must issue a mandamus for police entry.
If a person refuses to state his name and residence or gives a name or residence which the officer has reason to believe is false, he may be arrested by such officer in order to ascertain his name and residence.
Section 43 of the Code of Criminal Procedure, 1973 provides for arrest by a private person and the procedure for such arrest, as follows:
(1) A private person may arrest or cause to be arrested any person who, in his presence, commits a non-bailable or cognizable offence, or a proclaimed offender, and shall, without unnecessary delay, hand over such person to a police officer, or, in the absence of a police officer, shall take or cause such person to be taken in custody to the nearest police station.
(2) If there is reason to believe that such person is covered by the provisions of Section 41, the police officer shall re-arrest him.
(3) यदि वह विश्वास करने का कारण हो कि उसने असंज्ञेय अपराध किया है और वह पुलिस अधिकारी की मांग पर अपना नाम और निवास बताने से इन्कार करे, या ऐसा नाम या निवास बताए, जिसके बारे में ऐसे अधिकारी को यह विश्वास करने का कारण हो कि वह मिथ्या है, तो उसके विषय में धारा 42 के उपबन्धों के अधीन कार्यवाही की जाएगी, किन्तु यदि यह विश्वास करने का कोई पर्याप्त कारण न हो कि उसने कोई अपराध किया है तो वह तुरन्त छोड़ दिया जायेगा।
धारा की समीक्षा- इस धारा में उपबंधित प्रावधान कतिपय विशिष्ट परिस्थितियों में एक वैयक्तिक व्यक्ति को किसी दूसरे व्यक्ति की गिरफ्तारी के लिए सक्षम बनाते हैं। इसका भाव इस प्रकार व्यक्त किया जाना चाहिए कि व्यक्तियों की दूसरे व्यक्तियों को गिरफ्तार करने की शक्ति में विस्तार न होवे। यह धारा तीन उपधाराओं में विभक्त है, प्रथम उपधारा के अन्तर्गत किसी प्राइवेट व्यक्ति को उस स्थिति में किसी व्यक्ति को गिरफ्तार करने के लिए सक्षम बनाया गया है जब कि वह नामजद अपराधी हो या ऐसे व्यक्ति की मौजूदगी में उसने कोई अजमानतीय या असंज्ञेय अपराध किया हो। इस उपधारा के अन्तर्गत पकड़ने वाले व्यक्ति पर यह अनिवार्यता अधिरोपित की गई है कि वह पकड़े गये व्यक्ति को पकड़ने (गिरफ्तार) के पश्चात् किसी पुलिस अधिकारी के हवाले कर देवे। यदि ऐसा करने में किसी प्रकार की कठिनाई हो तो उसका यह कर्त्तव्य हो जाता है कि वह ऐसे व्यक्ति की किसी समीपस्थ थाने पर ले जाकर वहां पुलिस के सुपुर्द कर देवे।
किसी अपराध से सम्बन्धित अपराधी की पुनः गिरफ्तारी - जहाँ पर किसी प्राइवेट व्यक्ति द्वारा किसी अपराधी को पकड़ा जाता है, किन्तु वह ऐसे पकड़ से भाग जाता है तो उसे पुनः पकड़ा जा सकता है, किन्तु जहाँ पर किसी प्राइवेट व्यक्ति ने अपराधी को पकड़कर पुलिस के सुपुर्द कर दिया है और पुलिस अभिरज्ञा से ऐसा अपराधी अपने को मुक्त करके भाग गया हो तो ऐसी दशा में ऐसे अपराधी को पुनः गिरफ्तार करने का दायित्व पुलिस अधिकारी पर होगा। जहाँ पर कोई प्राइवेट व्यक्ति किसी अपराधी को पकड़ कर शीघ्रातिशीघ्र पुलिस को सुपुर्द नहीं करता है तो ऐसी दशा में ऐसे व्यक्ति को भारतीय दण्ड संहिता की धारा 342 के अधीन दोषसिद्ध ठहराया जा सकता है।
दण्ड प्रक्रिया संहिता की धारा 51 में निम्नवत प्रावधान है :-
51. गिरफ्तार किये गये व्यक्तियों की तलाशी (1) जब कभी पुलिस अधिकारी द्वारा ऐसे वारन्ट के अधीन, जो जमानत ली जाने का उपबन्ध नहीं करता या ऐसे वारन्ट के अधीन, जो जमानत ली जाने का उपबन्ध करता है, किन्तु गिरफ्तार किया गया व्यक्ति जमानत नहीं दे सकता, कोई व्यक्ति गिरफ्तार किया जाए, तथा
जब कभी कोई व्यक्ति वारन्ट के बिना या प्राइवेट व्यक्ति द्वारा वारन्ट के अधीन गिरफ्तार किया जाए और अवैध रूप से उसकी जमानत नहीं ली जा सकती या वह जमानत देने में असमर्थ हो,
तब गिरफ्तारी करने वाला अधिकारी या जब गिरफ्तारी प्राइवेट व्यक्ति द्वारा ली जाए तब वह पुलिस अधिकारी, जिसे वह व्यक्ति गिरफ्तार किये गये व्यक्ति को सौंपे, उस व्यक्ति की तलाशी ले सकेगा और पहनने के आवश्यक वस्त्रों को छोड़कर उस पर पाई सब वस्तुओं को सुरक्षित अभिरक्षा में रख सकेगा और जहाँ गिरफ्तार किये गये व्यक्ति से कोई वस्तु अभिगृहीत की जाती है वहाँ ऐसे व्यक्ति को एक ऐसी रसीद दी जाएगी जिसमें पुलिस अधिकारी द्वारा कब्जे में की गई वस्तुएँ दर्शित हो।
(2) जब कभी किसी वस्त्रों की तलाशी करना आवश्यक हो तब वह अन्य स्त्री द्वारा शिष्ठता का पूरा ध्यान रखते हुए की जायेगी।