IEA → BSA (old to new)

5. Evidence may be given of facts in issue and relevant facts.

5. Evidence may be given in any suit or proceeding of the existence of non-existence of every fact in issue and of such other facts as are hereinafter declared to be relevant, and of no others. Explanation.––This section shall not enable any person to give evidence of a fact which he is disentitled to prove by any…

3. Evidence may be given of facts in issue and relevant facts.

3. Evidence may be given in any suit or proceeding of the existence or non-existence of every fact in issue and of such other facts as are hereinafter declared to be relevant, and of no others. Explanation.—This section shall not enable any person to give evidence of a fact which he is disentitled to prove by any…

7. Facts which are the occasion, cause or effect of facts in issue.

7.Facts which are the occasion, cause or effect, immediate or otherwise, of relevant facts, or facts in issue, or which constitute the state of things under which they happened, or which afforded an opportunity for their occurrence or transaction, are relevant. Illustrations (a) The question is, whether A robbed B.…

5. Facts which are occasion, cause or effect of facts in issue or relevant facts.

5. Facts which are the occasion, cause or effect, immediate or otherwise, of relevant facts, or facts in issue, or which constitute the state of things under which they happened, or which afforded an opportunity for their occurrence or transaction, are relevant. Illustrations. (a) The question is, whether A robbed B.…

50. Opinion on relationship, when relevant.

50. When the Court has to form an opinion as to the relationship of one person to another, the opinion, expressed by conduct, as to the existence of such relationship, of any person who, as a member of the family or otherwise, has special means of knowledge on the subject, is a relevant fact: Provided that such…

44. Opinion on relationship, when relevant.

44. When the Court has to form an opinion as to the relationship of one person to another, the opinion, expressed by conduct, as to the existence of such relationship, of any person who, as a member of the family or otherwise, has special means of knowledge on the subject, is a relevant fact: Provided that such…

51. Grounds of opinion, when relevant.

51. Whenever the opinion of any living person is relevant, the grounds on which such opinion is based are also relevant. Illustration An expert may give an account of experiments performed by him for the purpose of forming his opinion.

45. Grounds of opinion, when relevant.

45. Whenever the opinion of any living person is relevant, the grounds on which such opinion is based are also relevant. Illustration. An expert may give an account of experiments performed by him for the purpose of forming his opinion.

52. In civil cases character to prove conduct imputed, irrelevant.

52. In civil cases, the fact that the character of any person concerned is such as to render probable or improbable any conduct imputed to him, is irrelevant, except in so far as such character appears from facts otherwise relevant.

46. In civil cases character to prove conduct imputed, irrelevant.

46. In civil cases the fact that the character of any person concerned is such as to render probable or improbable any conduct imputed to him, is irrelevant, except in so far as such character appears from facts otherwise relevant.

53. In criminal cases previous good character relevant.

53. In criminal proceedings, the fact that the person accused is of a good character, is relevant.

47. In criminal cases previous good character relevant.

47. In criminal proceedings the fact that the person accused is of a good character, is relevant.

53A. Evidence of character or previous sexual experience not relevant in certain cases.

53A. In a prosecution for an offence under section 354, section 354A, section 354B, section 354C, section 354D, section 376, section 376A, section 376AB, section 376B, section 376C, section 376D, section 376DA, section 376DB or section 376E of the Indian Penal Code (45 of 1860) or for attempt to commit any such…

48. Evidence of character or previous sexual experience not relevant in certain cases.

48. In a prosecution for an offence under section 64, section 65, section 66, section 67, section 68, section 69, section 70, section 71, section 74, section 75, section 76, section 77 or section 78 of the Bharatiya Nyaya Sanhita, 2023 or for attempt to commit any such offence, where the question of consent is in…

54. Previous bad character not relevant, except in reply.

54. In criminal proceedings, the fact that the accused person has a bad character, is irrelevant, unless evidence has been given that he has a good character, in which case it becomes relevant. Explanation 1.––This section does not apply to cases in which the bad character of any person is itself a fact in issue.…

49. Previous bad character not relevant, except in reply.

49. In criminal proceedings, the fact that the accused has a bad character, is irrelevant, unless evidence has been given that he has a good character, in which case it becomes relevant. Explanation 1.—This section does not apply to cases in which the bad character of any person is itself a fact in issue. Explanation…

55. Character as affecting damages.

55. In civil cases, the fact that the character of any person is such as to affect the amount of damages which he ought to receive, is relevant. Explanation. ––In sections 52, 53, 54 and 55, the word “character” includes both reputation and disposition; but, except as provided in section 54, evidence may be given only…

50. Character as affecting damages.

50. In civil cases, the fact that the character of any person is such as to affect the amount of damages which he ought to receive, is relevant. Explanation.—In this section and sections 46, 47 and 49, the word "character" includes both reputation and disposition; but, except as provided in section 49, evidence may be…

56. Fact judicially noticeable need not be proved.

56. No fact of which the Court will take judicial notice need be proved.

51. Fact judicially noticeable need not be proved.

51. No fact of which the Court will take judicial notice need be proved.

57. Facts of which Court must take judicial notice.

57. The Court shall take judicial notice of the following facts: –– (1) All laws in force in the territory of India; (2) All public Acts passed or hereafter to be passed by Parliament of the United Kingdom, and all local and personal Acts directed by Parliament of the United Kingdom to be judicially noticed; (3)…

52. Facts of which Court shall take judicial notice.

52. (1) The Court shall take judicial notice of the following facts, namely:— (a) all laws in force in the territory of India including laws having extra-territorial operation; (b) international treaty, agreement or convention with country or countries by India, or decisions made by India at international associations…

58. Facts admitted need not be proved.

58. No fact need be proved in any proceeding which the parties thereto or their agents agree to admit at the hearing, or which, before the hearing, they agree to admit by any writing under their hands, or which by any rule of pleading in force at the time they are deemed to have admitted by their pleadings: Provided…

53. Facts admitted need not be proved.

53. No fact needs to be proved in any proceeding which the parties thereto or their agents agree to admit at the hearing, or which, before the hearing, they agree to admit by any writing under their hands, or which by any rule of pleading in force at the time they are deemed to have admitted by their pleadings:…

59. Proof of facts by oral evidence.

59. All facts, except the contents of documents or electronic records, may be proved by oral evidence.

54. Proof of facts by oral evidence.

54. Proof of facts by oral evidence. (Change)

60. Oral evidence must be direct.

60. Oral evidence must, in all cases whatever, be direct; that is to say –– if it refers to a fact which could be seen, it must be the evidence of a witness who says he saw it; if it refers to a fact which could be heard, it must be the evidence of a witness who says he heard it; if it refers to a fact which could be…

55. Oral evidence to be direct.

55. Oral evidence shall, in all cases whatever, be direct; if it refers to,— (i) a fact which could be seen, it must be the evidence of a witness who says he saw it; (ii) a fact which could be heard, it must be the evidence of a witness who says he heard it; (iii) a fact which could be perceived by any other sense or…

61. Proof of contents of documents.

61. The contents of documents may be proved either by primary or by secondary evidence.

56. Proof of contents of documents.

56. The contents of documents may be proved either by primary or by secondary evidence.

62. Primary evidence.

62. Primary evidence means the document itself produced for the inspection of the Court. Explanation 1. ––Where a document is executed in several parts, each part is primary evidence of the document. Where a document is executed in counterpart, each counterpart being executed by one or some of the parties only, each…

57. Primary evidence.

57. Primary evidence means the document itself produced for the inspection of the Court. Explanation 1.—Where a document is executed in several parts, each part is primary evidence of the document. Explanation 2.—Where a document is executed in counterpart, each counterpart being executed by one or some of the parties…

63. Secondary evidence.

63. Secondary evidence means and includes –– (1) certified copies given under the provisions hereinafter contained; (2) copies made from the original by mechanical processes which in themselves insure the accuracy of the copy, and copies compared with such copies; (3) copies made from or compared with the original;…

58. Secondary evidence.

58. Secondary evidence includes— (i) certified copies given under the provisions hereinafter contained; (ii) copies made from the original by mechanical processes which in themselves ensure the accuracy of the copy, and copies compared with such copies; (iii) copies made from or compared with the original; (iv)…

64. Proof of documents by primary evidence.

64. Documents must be proved by primary evidence except in the cases hereinafter mentioned.

59. Proof of documents by primary evidence.

59. Documents shall be proved by primary evidence except in the cases hereinafter mentioned.